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Lotus Elise K24 turbo build

2504 Views 80 Replies 11 Participants Last post by  Zhonda
I thought I would create a thread to take advantage of the collective experience on K20a.org. I have a similar build thread on LotusTalk.

My build will utilize a JDM K24a RBB-3, an EFR 7163 turbo, RBC intake manifold, Skunk2 70mm TB, and custom exhaust manifold. Intake cooling will be air to water. The Haltech 1500 Elite will be used for engine management as well as controlling electric pumps for the engine and charge A/W cooler. The plan is for a flex fuel set-up with ID 1300xds injectors and all the appropriate sensors and safety controls including individual EGTs. I could go into a lot more detail if anyone is interested but you get the gist.

My goals are a street/track car with great drivability. We are keeping the K24 stock other than upgraded oil pump (at least for now ;)) so boost will be limited in the low RPMs to avoid bending rods and such. The Haltech 1500 has multiple boost control strategies and the EFR comes equipped with an integrated boost control solenoid, wastegate and recirculation. We should have a lot of options. It is also a pretty compact set-up which makes things a lot easier for an Elise build.The HP will be whatever can be achieved with comfortable margin of safety given a K24 with stock internals. My builder has extensive experience tuning K-series so no issue there. My plan is to leave it to him but I must say I am more than a bit excited after seeing the results of other K24 builds with low boost and stock internals.

My Elise's had a REV400 SC 2ZZ and we will be carrying over the Toyota e153 tranny. It might seem an odd decision but it turns out there are e153 to K series conversion kits readily available for MR2 swaps. My e153 has a close ratio KAZ gear set with a LSD and 3.9 FD. It is pretty much new with beefy axles so why the heck not. I haven't really come across any Lotus K series turbo e153 builds so maybe it's something unique.
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Hey guys, I'm trying to learn a bit more about turbos and I'm having a bit of trouble understanding.
Why is this turbo too big, especially if OP says he plans to up the boost in the future and you mentioned the turbo will choke up top. Did you mean the turbo is too small?
By looking at EMAP, you can tell if the turbo exhaust turbine/housing is too small causing an increase in exhaust pressure right?
The turbo is an air pump, if it is pumping more air than the engine can use then the compressor can go into surge (worst case) or add more heat into the charge air than it should (low efficiency).
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Why is this turbo too big, especially if OP says he plans to up the boost in the future and you mentioned the turbo will choke up top. Did you mean the turbo is too small?
I meant definitely too big. Big, because the working points of the engine in that compressor map sits quite near to the limits of the map (surge line left hand side, Mach 1 choke-line right hand side). The purpose of this compressor is in the higher boost area, where it has a wider operation range. There are better fitting maps possible. I am not saying this is a bad match, my intention was to show there are limits for the aimed power range. The compressor map for the this setup is a good match for a pi of 1.8 to 2.4.

By looking at EMAP, you can tell if the turbo exhaust turbine/housing is too small causing an increase in exhaust pressure right?
Good point @Stefanzoh, the EMAP is on the higher side, which would be ok for an DD application, but problematic on a race application. You can see it on the wastegate duty cycle and the EMAP. The design decision is always a question of controllability in all engine speed (= wastegate can control boost) and combustion and VE improvement by decreasing EMAP and WG DC. If a bigger A/R and wheel OD is chosen the DD supporting higher responsiveness would be reduced in favor for a better top end performance.
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Stephanzoe All those comments were pertaining to my initial goals which were low boost on OEM internals. It has a lot to do with how much boost we need to achieve a reasonable HP of say 450HP And what the turbo will flow at that boost lvl. If the boost requirement is very low and a turbo on the large side it can choke. Choking is the right side of the graft. If a turbo chokes efficiency goes down, heat goes up, it can over rev the turbine, things become unstable. LotElise can tell you more. Honestly learning myself.
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LotusElise said:
Good point @Stefanzoh, the EMAP is on the higher side, which would be ok for an DD application, but problematic on a race application. You can see it on the wastegate duty cycle and the EMAP. The design decision is always a question of controllability in all engine speed (= wastegate can control boost) and combustion and VE improvement by decreasing EMAP and WG DC. If a bigger A/R and wheel OD is chosen the DD supporting higher responsiveness would be reduced in favor for a better top end performance.
Most of those numbers were populated by the BW site. Sorry if I mislead anyone. I have no idea what the EMAP will be or the VE or the IC efficiency etc. LotusElise might as he has experience with the KSeries engines but certainly not I. I posted it for learning purposes.

The A/R for my turbo housing is 0.85 which is not huge by any means but not small either. The K series certainly move a lot of air especially under boost So hopefully it is adequate. I am a little concerned about the internal WG. It has a 37mm valve and is ported to accommodate 40% exhaust flow but over that could see a bit of boost creep. Playing with MatchBot I could be porting up to 48% at low boost. Everything is a compromise and as I said the turbo was selected to provide a bigger ceiling for future modifications and for packaging considerations.
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Stephanzoe All those comments were pertaining to my initial goals which were low boost on OEM internals. It has a lot to do with how much boost we need to achieve a reasonable HP of say 450HP And what the turbo will flow at that boost lvl. If the boost requirement is very low and a turbo on the large side it can choke. Choking is the right side of the graft. If a turbo chokes efficiency goes down, heat goes up, it can over rev the turbine, things become unstable. LotElise can tell you more. Honestly learning myself.
Gotcha, that's something I've just learned. Not only can a turbo choke by trying to produce too much boost going past the efficient zone (blue), but it can also choke or surge by being under or above that efficiency island (red/yellow). Though, yellow line would be something like a super small turbo fitted to a large engine, and red would be vice versa. Hopefully I've interpreted that correctly. Thank you for the information guys.
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a small TC would have that efficiency area mostly compressed to the left side of the diagram given the same x-axis scale. The rpm lines would drop off at much lower flow rates. The slope, so PR over flow is steeper for a smaller compressor vs a bigger one.
most of the time, these efficency maps are scaled to show that entire “clam shell”. That scaling adaptation makes them look almost identical.

Here is something to read. Complicated topic as the exhaust turbine also needs to fit the bill.

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Gotcha, that's something I've just learned. Not only can a turbo choke by trying to produce too much boost going past the efficient zone (blue), but it can also choke or surge by being under or above that efficiency island (red/yellow). Though, yellow line would be something like a super small turbo fitted to a large engine, and red would be vice versa. Hopefully I've interpreted that correctly. Thank you for the information guys.
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Let me at least take a stab at Choke and Surge from my simplistic view point. Moderator's feel free to correct me if I screw up.

The surge line is the furthest line to the left. It signifies the least amnt of flow that the compressor can deliver throughout the pressure range without the air being "backed up" and chopped up by the compressor wheel over and over again. The sound is like CHU CHU CHU and is not good. It most commonly occurs when a throttle body suddenly closes. Blow off valves are incorporated to avoid this and damage to your turbo bearing. The second type of surge is similar maybe less common and occurs when the engine needs less "flow" than the turbo can stably supply at a given pressure. This can be addressed by a recirc valve as in the EFR.

Choke is a different animal and occurs along the right side of the map as you depicted. The far right side of the map depicts the maximum flow the turbo can provide along the entire lower pi pressure range. For this turbo it extends to about 60lbs/min at around 2.8 pi. That would equate to 600HP if you found a motor that could use 60lbs/min at only 2.8 pi. Unfortunately low pi and high flow really spools turbos up and as you can see on the map heat goes up, efficiency goes down, and other bad stuff happens as well. I believe it actually takes the equivalent of 30-40HP to spin a turbine that fast. Anyway it's not good to live in that area of the map which we call Choke. Now this could all be crap, let me know and I'll be glad to edit it.
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Let me at least take a stab at Choke and Surge from my simplistic view point. Moderator's feel free to correct me if I screw up.

The surge line is the furthest line to the left. It signifies the least amnt of flow that the compressor can deliver throughout the pressure range without the air being "backed up" and chopped up by the compressor wheel over and over again. The sound is like CHU CHU CHU and is not good. It puts all kind of pressure on the turbo. It most commonly occurs when a throttle body suddenly closes. Blow off valves are incorporated to avoid this and damage to your turbo. Also BOVs help keep up the spool as surge will slow down the turbo. The second type of surge is similar maybe less common and occurs when the engine needs less "flow" than the turbo can stably supply at a given pressure. This can be addressed by a recirc valve as in the EFR.

Choke is a different animal and occurs along the right side of the map as you depicted. The far right side of the map depicts the maximum flow the turbo can provide along the entire pressure range. For this turbo it extends to about 60lbs/min at around 2.8 pi. That would equate to 600HP if you found a motor that could use 60lbs/min at only 2.8 pi. Unfortunately low pi and high flow really spools turbos up and as you can see on the map efficiency goes down, heat goes up, and other bad stuff happens as well. I believe it actually takes the equivalent of 30-40HP to spin a turbine that fast. Anyway it's not good to live in that area of the map which we call Choke. Now this could all be crap, let me know and I'll be glad to edit it.
I gotcha. It seems like most modern turbos have something to combat surge, whether it be anti surge housings on PTE/Garrett's or recirc valves on the EFRs.
Thank you guys again for clearing things up. I think those are great explanations of surge vs choke. I didn't realize that with these turbos (I guess your EFR is similar size to a GT3071R or in the middle between a GT3071/GT3582) could choke your engine when running them at low boost levels.
Let me at least take a stab at Choke and Surge from my simplistic view point. Moderator's feel free to correct me if I screw up.

The surge line is the furthest line to the left. It signifies the least amnt of flow that the compressor can deliver throughout the pressure range without the air being "backed up" and chopped up by the compressor wheel over and over again. The sound is like CHU CHU CHU and is not good. It puts all kind of pressure on the turbo. It most commonly occurs when a throttle body suddenly closes. Blow off valves are incorporated to avoid this and damage to your turbo. Also BOVs help keep up the spool as surge will slow down the turbo. The second type of surge is similar maybe less common and occurs when the engine needs less "flow" than the turbo can stably supply at a given pressure. This can be addressed by a recirc valve as in the EFR.
On throttle surge is very bad, off throttle surge is pretty harmless, there's no load on the compressor, its not being driven as there's no airflow through the engine.

BOVs dont help spool, they do the opposite. The function of a BOV is to get the boost piping down to zero boost as quickly as possible. If you want to improve spool, it would be better to keep pressure in the pipe. A really easy tweak to improve spool is to fit a throttle body pre-turbo. This will let the compressor spin in vacuum so it wont slow down as quickly.

Choke is a different animal and occurs along the right side of the map as you depicted. The far right side of the map depicts the maximum flow the turbo can provide along the entire pressure range. For this turbo it extends to about 60lbs/min at around 2.8 pi. That would equate to 600HP if you found a motor that could use 60lbs/min at only 2.8 pi. Unfortunately low pi and high flow really spools turbos up and as you can see on the map efficiency goes down, heat goes up, and other bad stuff happens as well. I believe it actually takes the equivalent of 30-40HP to spin a turbine that fast. Anyway it's not good to live in that area of the map which we call Choke. Now this could all be crap, let me know and I'll be glad to edit it.
I think choke is due to the air speed required to pump that volume of air through the compressor housing. You've reached the limits of how much air volume you can force through a fixed hole size. If you increase the density (pressure) then you can squeeze a bit more mass through.
I believe it is pretty commonly accepted off throttle surge causes excess bearing wear and shortens life of a turbo. Looks like I am confusing the external vented BOV and the EFR internal recirculation valve which shunts surge back into the intake and was designed to maintain turbine speed. I thought it made sense that off throttle surge with all that turbulence at the compressor wheel would negatively impact the turbo rpm, maybe not. At a minimum it will extend the life of the turbo, and it does sound pretty cool. I seem to be using the terms spool and turbo rpm incorrectly, sorry if I confused matters.
Update on build. The Hux racing adapter plate for the e153 has the starter relocated from the K series position to the tranny which will not work with the Lotus shifter cable routing. Eric at Hux is going to modify the adapter plate and fly wheel to retain the original K series starter position.
I believe it is pretty commonly accepted off throttle surge causes excess bearing wear and shortens life of a turbo.
Its a popular "tuner / Aftermarket" myth that drives sales of blow off valves. If it was a particular issue we would see blow off valves on endurance race cars but instead we tend to get lots of chatter.

Good luck with the build :)
Wow secrets revealed Thank You!!
Race/rally cars also often run anti lag systems bypassing excess air into the exhaust header before the turbine and often afford to swap their turbos :)
I thought I would create a thread to take advantage of the collective experience on K20a.org. I have a similar build thread on LotusTalk.

My build will utilize a JDM K24a RBB-3, an EFR 7163 turbo, RBC intake manifold, Skunk2 70mm TB, and custom exhaust manifold. Intake cooling will be air to water. The Haltech 1500 Elite will be used for engine management as well as controlling electric pumps for the engine and charge A/W cooler. The plan is for a flex fuel set-up with ID 1300xds injectors and all the appropriate sensors and safety controls including individual EGTs. I could go into a lot more detail if anyone is interested but you get the gist.

My goals are a street/track car with great drivability. We are keeping the K24 stock other than upgraded oil pump (at least for now ;)) so boost will be limited in the low RPMs to avoid bending rods and such. The Haltech 1500 has multiple boost control strategies and the EFR comes equipped with an integrated boost control solenoid, wastegate and recirculation. We should have a lot of options. It is also a pretty compact set-up which makes things a lot easier for an Elise build.The HP will be whatever can be achieved with comfortable margin of safety given a K24 with stock internals. My builder has extensive experience tuning K-series so no issue there. My plan is to leave it to him but I must say I am more than a bit excited after seeing the results of other K24 builds with low boost and stock internals.

My Elise's had a REV400 SC 2ZZ and we will be carrying over the Toyota e153 tranny. It might seem an odd decision but it turns out there are e153 to K series conversion kits readily available for MR2 swaps. My e153 has a close ratio KAZ gear set with a LSD and 3.9 FD. It is pretty much new with beefy axles so why the heck not. I haven't really come across any Lotus K series turbo e153 builds so maybe it's something unique.
Seems like 1300cc injectors will be too small to run E-85 to it's potential. Why not run something bigger that would allow for room to grow so you don't have to replace them when you want more power?
A really easy tweak to improve spool is to fit a throttle body pre-turbo. This will let the compressor spin in vacuum so it wont slow down as quickly.
Or run a bypass, which is being used to alter the working point of the compressor, even if it means loss of energy, but makes some working points of the engine in first possible.

If you increase the density (pressure) then you can squeeze a bit more mass through.
Yes, as it the Mach number, which is actual speed / sonic speed, while the later is only a function of the gas properties and the temperature, is kept constant at 1,0 at the choke line. Thence almost only the actual speed through the compressor throat is the limiting factor there. Same is valid for the turbine, but therefore also the waste gate is used, to reduce the volume flux and therefore the velocity through the turbine throat, beside the task to control the shaft power and speed to control the MAP.

Seems like 1300cc injectors will be too small to run E-85 to it's potential. Why not run something bigger that would allow for room to grow so you don't have to replace them when you want more power?
For 400 flwhp a 750 ccm injector is well enough with E85, for 500 flwhp (~ 430 whp) a 950 ccm injector is also well enough. Both would be around 76 % duty cycle.
Seems like 1300cc injectors will be too small to run E-85 to it's potential. Why not run something bigger that would allow for room to grow so you don't have to replace them when you want more power?
Seems like they might actually be too big LOL. They should be plenty big for anything I am considering. I do envision doing piston, rods, and possibly light head work to safely accommodate a bit more boost. Honestly the idea of even low boost without gaping the rings kinds of bothers me.
So the fly-wheel is done and the adapter plate should be ready next week. Obviously taking longer than I had hoped. Once the drivetrain is together the engine will go in and mounts fabricated after verifying the positioning.
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Adapter plate still not in ugh. I am told shortly though. In the meantime I decided to upgrade the ECU to the Haltech Nexus R3 recently released. It has an integrated PDM, among other nice features like wifi, internal wideband controller and MAP sensor. I ordered a CAN button cluster so I can also control my electric pumps and fans at the dash. I could even use a button (with a bunny sticker on it) to select among 3 different "boost maps" should I desire. My builder is excited because it simplifies wiring and cleans up the engine bay quite a bit.
I decided to upgrade the ECU to the Haltech Nexus R3 recently released.
Yeap, a nice ECU, released today here in Europe 😄, but a bit disappointing as for DI, free function programming and some other CAN stuff you still need BOSCH, MoTec, Syvecs, ...that was the chance to go into a bigger market and balance the ECU prices new. They missed it.

A BOSCH MS 6, even in the version 6.1, a more powerful on the functional side if inputs (around 20 analog, more on the higher version) are enough. Torque based control, 3 CAN, Matlab/Simulink interface for customizing all what you can think of, ...like a BOSCH ;).

I like the NSP SW, which is really a step forward but there is a reason why 100's of SW engineers working on "safe" over air methods like BEV's are using it. That Wireless stuff is nice, but comes with a lot of questions for me. BTW, (over air) map switching ;), the over 10 year old AEM Infinity was also able to switch maps, blend maps, that is just SW with an analog poti port connected.

Did you look at others like MaxxECU Pro or ECUMaster Emu-Pro 8, those have a very attractive price-value-ratio. Both are CAN capable, have enough out- and inputs, and an easy-going SW with a lot of supporting features.
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