The turbo is an air pump, if it is pumping more air than the engine can use then the compressor can go into surge (worst case) or add more heat into the charge air than it should (low efficiency).
The turbo is an air pump, if it is pumping more air than the engine can use then the compressor can go into surge (worst case) or add more heat into the charge air than it should (low efficiency).Hey guys, I'm trying to learn a bit more about turbos and I'm having a bit of trouble understanding.
Why is this turbo too big, especially if OP says he plans to up the boost in the future and you mentioned the turbo will choke up top. Did you mean the turbo is too small?
By looking at EMAP, you can tell if the turbo exhaust turbine/housing is too small causing an increase in exhaust pressure right?
I meant definitely too big. Big, because the working points of the engine in that compressor map sits quite near to the limits of the map (surge line left hand side, Mach 1 choke-line right hand side). The purpose of this compressor is in the higher boost area, where it has a wider operation range. There are better fitting maps possible. I am not saying this is a bad match, my intention was to show there are limits for the aimed power range. The compressor map for the this setup is a good match for a pi of 1.8 to 2.4.Why is this turbo too big, especially if OP says he plans to up the boost in the future and you mentioned the turbo will choke up top. Did you mean the turbo is too small?
Good point @Stefanzoh, the EMAP is on the higher side, which would be ok for an DD application, but problematic on a race application. You can see it on the wastegate duty cycle and the EMAP. The design decision is always a question of controllability in all engine speed (= wastegate can control boost) and combustion and VE improvement by decreasing EMAP and WG DC. If a bigger A/R and wheel OD is chosen the DD supporting higher responsiveness would be reduced in favor for a better top end performance.By looking at EMAP, you can tell if the turbo exhaust turbine/housing is too small causing an increase in exhaust pressure right?
Most of those numbers were populated by the BW site. Sorry if I mislead anyone. I have no idea what the EMAP will be or the VE or the IC efficiency etc. LotusElise might as he has experience with the KSeries engines but certainly not I. I posted it for learning purposes.LotusElise said:Good point @Stefanzoh, the EMAP is on the higher side, which would be ok for an DD application, but problematic on a race application. You can see it on the wastegate duty cycle and the EMAP. The design decision is always a question of controllability in all engine speed (= wastegate can control boost) and combustion and VE improvement by decreasing EMAP and WG DC. If a bigger A/R and wheel OD is chosen the DD supporting higher responsiveness would be reduced in favor for a better top end performance.
Gotcha, that's something I've just learned. Not only can a turbo choke by trying to produce too much boost going past the efficient zone (blue), but it can also choke or surge by being under or above that efficiency island (red/yellow). Though, yellow line would be something like a super small turbo fitted to a large engine, and red would be vice versa. Hopefully I've interpreted that correctly. Thank you for the information guys.Stephanzoe All those comments were pertaining to my initial goals which were low boost on OEM internals. It has a lot to do with how much boost we need to achieve a reasonable HP of say 450HP And what the turbo will flow at that boost lvl. If the boost requirement is very low and a turbo on the large side it can choke. Choking is the right side of the graft. If a turbo chokes efficiency goes down, heat goes up, it can over rev the turbine, things become unstable. LotElise can tell you more. Honestly learning myself.
Let me at least take a stab at Choke and Surge from my simplistic view point. Moderator's feel free to correct me if I screw up.Gotcha, that's something I've just learned. Not only can a turbo choke by trying to produce too much boost going past the efficient zone (blue), but it can also choke or surge by being under or above that efficiency island (red/yellow). Though, yellow line would be something like a super small turbo fitted to a large engine, and red would be vice versa. Hopefully I've interpreted that correctly. Thank you for the information guys.
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I gotcha. It seems like most modern turbos have something to combat surge, whether it be anti surge housings on PTE/Garrett's or recirc valves on the EFRs.Let me at least take a stab at Choke and Surge from my simplistic view point. Moderator's feel free to correct me if I screw up.
The surge line is the furthest line to the left. It signifies the least amnt of flow that the compressor can deliver throughout the pressure range without the air being "backed up" and chopped up by the compressor wheel over and over again. The sound is like CHU CHU CHU and is not good. It puts all kind of pressure on the turbo. It most commonly occurs when a throttle body suddenly closes. Blow off valves are incorporated to avoid this and damage to your turbo. Also BOVs help keep up the spool as surge will slow down the turbo. The second type of surge is similar maybe less common and occurs when the engine needs less "flow" than the turbo can stably supply at a given pressure. This can be addressed by a recirc valve as in the EFR.
Choke is a different animal and occurs along the right side of the map as you depicted. The far right side of the map depicts the maximum flow the turbo can provide along the entire pressure range. For this turbo it extends to about 60lbs/min at around 2.8 pi. That would equate to 600HP if you found a motor that could use 60lbs/min at only 2.8 pi. Unfortunately low pi and high flow really spools turbos up and as you can see on the map efficiency goes down, heat goes up, and other bad stuff happens as well. I believe it actually takes the equivalent of 30-40HP to spin a turbine that fast. Anyway it's not good to live in that area of the map which we call Choke. Now this could all be crap, let me know and I'll be glad to edit it.
On throttle surge is very bad, off throttle surge is pretty harmless, there's no load on the compressor, its not being driven as there's no airflow through the engine.Let me at least take a stab at Choke and Surge from my simplistic view point. Moderator's feel free to correct me if I screw up.
The surge line is the furthest line to the left. It signifies the least amnt of flow that the compressor can deliver throughout the pressure range without the air being "backed up" and chopped up by the compressor wheel over and over again. The sound is like CHU CHU CHU and is not good. It puts all kind of pressure on the turbo. It most commonly occurs when a throttle body suddenly closes. Blow off valves are incorporated to avoid this and damage to your turbo. Also BOVs help keep up the spool as surge will slow down the turbo. The second type of surge is similar maybe less common and occurs when the engine needs less "flow" than the turbo can stably supply at a given pressure. This can be addressed by a recirc valve as in the EFR.
I think choke is due to the air speed required to pump that volume of air through the compressor housing. You've reached the limits of how much air volume you can force through a fixed hole size. If you increase the density (pressure) then you can squeeze a bit more mass through.Choke is a different animal and occurs along the right side of the map as you depicted. The far right side of the map depicts the maximum flow the turbo can provide along the entire pressure range. For this turbo it extends to about 60lbs/min at around 2.8 pi. That would equate to 600HP if you found a motor that could use 60lbs/min at only 2.8 pi. Unfortunately low pi and high flow really spools turbos up and as you can see on the map efficiency goes down, heat goes up, and other bad stuff happens as well. I believe it actually takes the equivalent of 30-40HP to spin a turbine that fast. Anyway it's not good to live in that area of the map which we call Choke. Now this could all be crap, let me know and I'll be glad to edit it.
Its a popular "tuner / Aftermarket" myth that drives sales of blow off valves. If it was a particular issue we would see blow off valves on endurance race cars but instead we tend to get lots of chatter.I believe it is pretty commonly accepted off throttle surge causes excess bearing wear and shortens life of a turbo.
Seems like 1300cc injectors will be too small to run E-85 to it's potential. Why not run something bigger that would allow for room to grow so you don't have to replace them when you want more power?I thought I would create a thread to take advantage of the collective experience on K20a.org. I have a similar build thread on LotusTalk.
My build will utilize a JDM K24a RBB-3, an EFR 7163 turbo, RBC intake manifold, Skunk2 70mm TB, and custom exhaust manifold. Intake cooling will be air to water. The Haltech 1500 Elite will be used for engine management as well as controlling electric pumps for the engine and charge A/W cooler. The plan is for a flex fuel set-up with ID 1300xds injectors and all the appropriate sensors and safety controls including individual EGTs. I could go into a lot more detail if anyone is interested but you get the gist.
My goals are a street/track car with great drivability. We are keeping the K24 stock other than upgraded oil pump (at least for now) so boost will be limited in the low RPMs to avoid bending rods and such. The Haltech 1500 has multiple boost control strategies and the EFR comes equipped with an integrated boost control solenoid, wastegate and recirculation. We should have a lot of options. It is also a pretty compact set-up which makes things a lot easier for an Elise build.The HP will be whatever can be achieved with comfortable margin of safety given a K24 with stock internals. My builder has extensive experience tuning K-series so no issue there. My plan is to leave it to him but I must say I am more than a bit excited after seeing the results of other K24 builds with low boost and stock internals.
My Elise's had a REV400 SC 2ZZ and we will be carrying over the Toyota e153 tranny. It might seem an odd decision but it turns out there are e153 to K series conversion kits readily available for MR2 swaps. My e153 has a close ratio KAZ gear set with a LSD and 3.9 FD. It is pretty much new with beefy axles so why the heck not. I haven't really come across any Lotus K series turbo e153 builds so maybe it's something unique.
Or run a bypass, which is being used to alter the working point of the compressor, even if it means loss of energy, but makes some working points of the engine in first possible.A really easy tweak to improve spool is to fit a throttle body pre-turbo. This will let the compressor spin in vacuum so it wont slow down as quickly.
Yes, as it the Mach number, which is actual speed / sonic speed, while the later is only a function of the gas properties and the temperature, is kept constant at 1,0 at the choke line. Thence almost only the actual speed through the compressor throat is the limiting factor there. Same is valid for the turbine, but therefore also the waste gate is used, to reduce the volume flux and therefore the velocity through the turbine throat, beside the task to control the shaft power and speed to control the MAP.If you increase the density (pressure) then you can squeeze a bit more mass through.
For 400 flwhp a 750 ccm injector is well enough with E85, for 500 flwhp (~ 430 whp) a 950 ccm injector is also well enough. Both would be around 76 % duty cycle.Seems like 1300cc injectors will be too small to run E-85 to it's potential. Why not run something bigger that would allow for room to grow so you don't have to replace them when you want more power?
Seems like they might actually be too big LOL. They should be plenty big for anything I am considering. I do envision doing piston, rods, and possibly light head work to safely accommodate a bit more boost. Honestly the idea of even low boost without gaping the rings kinds of bothers me.Seems like 1300cc injectors will be too small to run E-85 to it's potential. Why not run something bigger that would allow for room to grow so you don't have to replace them when you want more power?
Yeap, a nice ECU, released today here in Europe 😄, but a bit disappointing as for DI, free function programming and some other CAN stuff you still need BOSCH, MoTec, Syvecs, ...that was the chance to go into a bigger market and balance the ECU prices new. They missed it.I decided to upgrade the ECU to the Haltech Nexus R3 recently released.